Round brackets (parentheses).
Abbreviating a term within the text:
The abbreviation must be written out in full the first time.
Example:
First time: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term used to encompass several conditions...
Second time: One of the symptoms of COPD is breathlessness.
NOTE: Abbreviations should generally only be used for recognised terms and must be able to be understood by the reader.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 189)
Abbreviating the author in a citation within the text:
When abbreviating a group author within the text, the abbreviation is placed with the year in round brackets.
Example:
"Ministry of Health, 2019 states that ..." becomes "Ministry of Health (MoH, 2019) states that..."
(APA manual, 2020, p. 268)
Square brackets
Abbreviating a term within the in-text citation:
Square brackets are used to abbreviate groups or corporate authors or to add information within citations.
First use includes both the full name and the abbreviation.
Example: Health in New Zealand is delivered by a complex set of groups (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2019).
Second and subsequent citations use the abbreviation only.
Example: These groups include 20 local boards (MOH, 2016).
Note: In the reference list, the group or corporate author are written out in full.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 160).
Notes:
Example 1:
(Health and Safety at Work Act 2015).
Health and Safety at Work Act 2015, s 3. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0070/latest/DLM5976660.html?
search=ts_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_health+and+safety+at+work+act+2015_resel_25_a&p=1
Note 1: The above reference refers to Section 3 of the Act.
Note 2: If you are referring to multiple specific sections of the same Act, you will need to include multiple references and add a letter after the date.
e.g.
(Health and Safety at Work Act 2015a).
Health and Safety at Work Act 2015a, s 3. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0070/latest/DLM5976660.html?
search=ts_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_health+and+safety+at+work+act+2015_resel_25_a&p=1
Example 2:
(Privacy Act 2020).
Privacy Act 2020, s 6, sub 117. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0031/latest/LMS23223.html?
search=ts_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_privacy+act+2020_resel_25_a&p=1
Note: The above reference refers to Section 6, Subsection 117 of the Act.
Example 3:
(Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003).
Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003, sch 1, cl 4.
https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0048/latest/DLM203312.html?src=qs
Note: The above reference refers to Schedule 1, clause 4 of the Act.
(The Bluebook, 12.29).
Example:
(Building Practitioners (Licensing Fees and Levy) Regulations 2010).
Building Practitioners (Licensing Fees and Levy) Regulations 2010, reg 4(2).
https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2010/0044/latest/DLM2759513.html?
search=ts_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_Building+Practitioners+
(Licensing+Fees+and+Levy)+Regulations+2010_resel_25_a&p=1
(The Bluebook, 12.29)
Example:
(Palmerston North Alcohol Control Bylaw 2015).
Palmerston North Alcohol Control Bylaw 2015. https://www.pncc.govt.nz/media/3129698/alcohol-control-bylaw-2015.pdf
Legislative Codes are treated in a similar manner to an Act
Example:
(Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996).
Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996. https://www.hdc.org.nz/your-rights/about-the-code/code-of-health-and-disability-services-consumers-rights/
https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/nzs-68031999/
Note: New Zealand Standards are not included in the APA manual, so New Zealand Universities and Polytechnics have decided to treat them as shown above.
Example:
(Capital & Coast District Health Board, 2018).
Capital & Coast District Health Board. (2018). Intramuscular injection in adults (Guideline Document No. 1.710,
Version 4). https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3Aa764a115-d1f2-
Note: These Codes are not legislation and therefore are treated the same as a website.
Example:
(Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2012).
Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2012). Code of conduct for nurses.
https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Public/Nursing/Code_of_Conduct/NCNZ/nursingsection/
(APA Manual, 2020, p.330)
Example:
(Treaty of Waitangi, 1840).
Treaty of Waitangi Between the Crown of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand (1840) (signed 6 February 1840, entered into force 21 May 1840), art 2.
https://archives.govt.nz/discover-our-stories/the-treaty-of-waitangi
Note 1 : The above reference refers to Article 2 of the Treaty.
Note 2 :This format is only used when you are referencing the actual words of the Treaty.
Note 3 : Before the url, enter the article to which you referred in your text.
Note 4 : If you are using the Treaty as referred to in a book, reference the book rather than the Treaty.
(The Bluebook 12-29).
Example:
(United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child 1989).
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child, November 20, 1989,
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/crc.pdf
(APA Manual, 2020, p. 368).
In-text citation example for the 2024 Budget:
(The Treasury, 2024).
Reference example for the 2024 Budget.
The Treasury. (2023). Budget 2024 at a glance. https://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/glance/budget-glance2024
Note: The url will depend on the particular page you are referencing and whether or not you are using the Government or Treasury websites.
Intext citation:
(Waitangi Tribunal, 2022).
Reference example:
Waitangi Tribunal. (2022). Waikanae: Report on Te Ātiawa /Ngāti Awa Claims (Report No. Wai 2200).
https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_192315563/Waikanae%20W.pdf