Round brackets (parentheses).
Abbreviating a term within the text:
The abbreviation must be written out in full the first time.
Example:
First time: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term used to encompass several conditions...
Second time: One of the symptoms of COPD is breathlessness.
NOTE: Abbreviations should generally only be used for recognised terms and must be able to be understood by the reader.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 189)
Abbreviating the author in a citation within the text:
When abbreviating a group author within the text, the abbreviation is placed with the year in round brackets.
Example:
"Ministry of Health, 2019 states that ..." becomes "Ministry of Health (MoH, 2019) states that..."
(APA manual, 2020, p. 268)
Square brackets
Abbreviating a term within the in-text citation:
Square brackets are used to abbreviate groups or corporate authors or to add information within citations.
First use includes both the full name and the abbreviation.
Example: Health in New Zealand is delivered by a complex set of groups (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2019).
Second and subsequent citations use the abbreviation only.
Example: These groups include 20 local boards (MOH, 2016).
Note: In the reference list, the group or corporate author are written out in full.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 160).
In the reference list include the day of publication after the year.
In the reference list italicise the name of the newspaper.
Page number not required.
If there is no specific author, begin with the title.
Example:
(Matthews, 2011).
Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously. Manawatu Standard.
(APA manual, 2020, p 320).
In the reference list, include the day of publication after the year.
Italicise the name of the newspaper.
If there is no specific author, begin with the title.
Example:
(Preston, 2019).
Preston, N. (2019, November 26). Family of girl who lost an eye battles ACC over it 'flawed' process. NZ
Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12287946
(APA manual, 2020, p. 320).
When the citation is from an online news website (e.g. Stuff.co.nz), the title of the article is italicised.
If there is no author, begin with the title.
Example:
(Te, 2019).
Te, M. (2019, November 26). Group 'gobsmacked' to see driver making u-turn on Wellington motorway. Stuff.
https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/news/117707910/group-gobsmacked-to-see-driver-making-uturn-on-wellington-
motorway
(APA manual, 2020, p. 351).
Include month and day after the year in your reference list if this is available.
Include volume and page numbers in your reference list if these are available.
Put the name of the magazine in italics.
Example 1:
(White, 2011).
White, M. (2011,October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.
Example 2:
(Ng, 2011)
Ng, A. (2011, October). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.
Example 3:
(Bergeson, 2019).
Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science, 363(6422), 33-34.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988
(APA manual, 2020, p. 320).