Round brackets (parentheses).
Abbreviating a term within the text:
The abbreviation must be written out in full the first time.
Example:
First time: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term used to encompass several conditions...
Second time: One of the symptoms of COPD is breathlessness.
NOTE: Abbreviations should generally only be used for recognised terms and must be able to be understood by the reader.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 189)
Abbreviating the author in a citation within the text:
When abbreviating a group author within the text, the abbreviation is placed with the year in round brackets.
Example:
"Ministry of Health, 2019 states that ..." becomes "Ministry of Health (MoH, 2019) states that..."
(APA manual, 2020, p. 268)
Square brackets
Abbreviating a term within the in-text citation:
Square brackets are used to abbreviate groups or corporate authors or to add information within citations.
First use includes both the full name and the abbreviation.
Example: Health in New Zealand is delivered by a complex set of groups (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2019).
Second and subsequent citations use the abbreviation only.
Example: These groups include 20 local boards (MOH, 2016).
Note: In the reference list, the group or corporate author are written out in full.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 160).
Notes:
1. Authors: use the same format as for books.
2. Title of the article - Capitalise only the first word of the title, subtitle (if any) and proper names. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
3. Title of the serial/journal in italics.
4. Volume number in italics. Do not use "Vol." before the number.
5. Some online serials use an e-locator instead of page numbers. This number starts with an e e.g. e232502. Place this number in the same place as the page numbers would normally be.
Authors: use the same format as for books.
Example:
(Thompson, 2010).
Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 16(7), 26.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 283).
Authors: use the same format as for books.
Example:
(Gabbett et al., 2010).
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional rugby league skills
training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
(APA manual, 2020, p. 286).
Authors: use the same format as for books.
The 7th ed. of the APA manual emphasises the use of DOI (digital object identifiers).
Example:
(Gabbett et al., 2010).
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional rugby league
skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
http://doi.org/10.1013.j.jsams.2010.03.007
(APA manual, 2020, pp. 289, 296, and 317).
Authors: use the same format as for books.
If the article has no DOI, provide the home page URL of the journal. You may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL.
Note: Do not add a full stop after the url
Example:
(Crooks et al., 2010).
Crooks, C. Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S, Brothers, S., ...Jorgensen P. (2010). Adverse
reactions to food in New Zealand children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(12327).
http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/
(APA manual, 2020, pp. 296, 298, and 317).
Authors: use the same format as for books.
Do not include url or doi for articles retrieved from an academic database.
Example:
(Sillick & Schutte, 2006).
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem medicate between perceived early
parental love and happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
(APA manual, 2010, pps. 296, 298, and 317)